ABSTRACT
Background : Diabetic patients need to consume multiple Vmedications at a time due to presence of Hyperglycemia, its pathophysiology and complications.In this context the compliance of the patient depends on the cost of therapy, The conduction of this study was faced with limitations like the COVID-19 pandemic. In spite of that, we have decided to conduct this challenging task by analyzing the pattern of prescriptions and comparing the prices of Anti-diabetic Drugs in our Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital. Objective : • To study the pattern of prescription writing in Type II Diabetes Mellitus and its association with the extent of control of the disease. • To analyze and compare the cost of different Anti-diabetic Drugs in Type II Diabetes Mellitus in a Tertiary Care Hospital. Material and Methods : This is an observational study of descriptive type. It is prospective in nature. All the demographic characteristics of the patient, disease profile, drug profile and prescription profile were included in the case report form. A photocopy of the patient’s Pharmacy Bill was collected from the indoor Pharmacy for analysis. Result : The mean number of anti-diabetic medications prescribed in Generic name was 3.0(±2.12) while the mean number of drugs prescribed in Brand name was 4.02(±1.99). The average number of prescribed injectable drugs was 0.11 (±0.31) with p- value=0.012 and the mean number of prescribed Fixed Dose Combinations (FDCs) was 0.16 (±0.42) with p-value=0.005. The total number of prescribed Anti-diabetic medications was higher in presently Hyperglycemic patients under Anti-diabetic Therapy compared to presently Normoglycemic patients under Anti-diabetic Therapy. A weak positive correlation was found between family income per capita and total cost of treatment. Conclusion: The total cost of treatment in presently Hyperglycemic patients under Anti-diabetic Therapy is relatively high due to prescription of more number of Anti-diabetic Medications. Metformin is the most common Anti-diabetic agent used in clinical practice and oral route of Drug Administration is mostly preferred in the OPD settings.
ABSTRACT
Background: National Family Health Survey (NHFS) is a periodically conducted survey, which delivers data on health and healthcare of a representative sample of households of India. Studies that have evaluated hypertension awareness, treatment and control and its association with patient level socioeconomic factors are limited in India. The objectives of this study were to determine association of demographic variables like age, sex, habitat, wealth, religion and educational status with prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension among rural and urban subjects in different states and union territories of india from NFHS-4 data.Methods: Data of 803211 subjects were taken from NFHS survey in 36 states and union territories of india, in 2015-2016. Prevalence of hypertension and its awareness, treatment, and control status and their association with age, sex, habitat, wealth, religion and educational status were determined. Logistic regression was carried out to evaluate the impact of different predictor variables.Results: Data of 803211 subjects were taken from NFHS survey voluntarily given by them for our project, of which 565705 (70.43%) came from rural population. 103525 of them were male which comprised of 12.89% and rest 87.11% were female volunteers in 36 states and union territories of india. Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment and control level in India was 17.69%, 20.44%, 34.37% and 13.64% respectively. In general, these parameters were much better in urban population and in female. Although variations were observed between different study sites, they were low with poor education and wealth index.Conclusions: Hypertension awareness, treatment, and control were mostly low among the male, rural, poor and less educated individuals with large state wise variations.
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Background: An observational cross sectional study was performed to assess the overall knowledge of the respondent about both clinical and animal research ethics committees. Objective: To study the perceptions amongst the medical teaching faculty regarding types, composition, roles and responsibilities of both institutional clinical and animal research ethics committees. Methods: After prior approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC), a standardized audit-based pre-validated close-ended questionnaire was supplied to the willing faculty within the Medical College premises, who instantaneously filled-up the questionnaire and returned it to the investigator. The questionnaire consisted of 20 closeended questions, 10 each regarding animal and clinical research ECs. The results were statistically analyzed to assess the awareness and knowledge of medical teaching faculty about institutional ethics committees. Results: 87 faculty were approached of whom, 70 consented to participate. Out of a total of 20 questions, mean of questions answered correctly was 11.87 ± 2.32 (Mean and Standard deviation). When the faculty were grouped as per their designation, the mean scores were (11.33 ± 2.33) for the Assistant Professors, (12.86 ± 2.41) for the Associate Professors, (11.0 ± 02.6) for Professors, (13.17 ± 1.94) for Senior residents and (12.35 ± 2) for Tutors. The difference between the groups were not statistically significant.Conclusion: The overall quality of knowledge and awareness regarding details pertaining to the structure and functioning of IECs were sub-par when compared to results of similar studies done elsewhere.
ABSTRACT
Background: Anti-inflammatory activity of leaves of Bougainvillea spectabilis (family Nyctaginaceae) has already been demonstrated in experimental animals. As pain is one of the important components of inflammation, we had set forward a study this find out possible analgesic activity of the same in animal models Objective: Evaluation of analgesic effects of, Bougainvillea spectabilis in mice models. Methods: 215 gm of fresh dried leaves of Bougainvillea spectabilis (BS) were collected from the local area during the flowering season and air dried. Following Methanol extraction, under reduced pressure solvent was removed on a rotary evaporator. The lyophilized extract was collected and the yield was 8 gm. That was used as an emulsion prepared in propylene glycol and orally administered (20 and 50 mg/kg). Central and peripheral analgesic activities of Bougainvillea spectabilis (BS) were evaluated by tail flick, tail immersion test and writhing test (acetic acid induced) respectively. Study Design: This is an experimental study designed on animal models. Results: Bougainvillea spectabilis (BS) had shown no analgesic action in central analgesic model at different hours as the reaction time was less than 10 seconds at all time interval. With regard to peripheral analgesic activity, maximal activity was observed at 50 mg/kg b.w. The mean writhes ± standard deviation were 42.7±0.9 and 40±0.5 respectively in BS (20 mg/kg) and BS (50 mg/kg) in comparison to standard drug aspirin (33.3±0.4), control mice being 55.3±0.4. Conclusion: Our data indicates that Bougainvillea spectabilis (50 mg/kg) has a significant peripheral analgesic activity. Without isolating the active principles it’s extremely difficult to pinpoint the mechanisms contributing to the observed analgesic activities of Bougainvillea spectabilis and extrapolate that in clinical practice.